суббота, 2 января 2021 г.
Scythia - the revolving door into Europe
вторник, 29 декабря 2020 г.
Не принуждать, а убеждать (Афанасий Александрийский, IV век)
(Athanasius of Alexandria, Against the Arians, 4th century)
"Не мечем и стрелами, не с помощью воинов возвещается истина, но убеждением и советом... Ибо богочестию свойственно, как говорили мы, не принуждать, а убеждать".
(Афанасий Александрийский, Против Ариан, IV век, http://www.golden-ship.ru/knigi/9/afanasij_vel_tvorenija_2.htm)
четверг, 19 ноября 2020 г.
What if they don't speak English?
You are a minister, or an active member of a Christian church, and there are people in your church who don't speak much English. Or there are people in the wider community whom you would like to reach out to - and they don't have much English.
What do you do?
Here are some general pointers which hopefully you will find helpful.
- Love them - not in a patronising, feel-sorry-for-you kind of way, but in a Christian, sharing-fellowship, I-enjoy-spending-time-with-you kind of way.
- Be genuinely interested in them, learning to ask sympathetic questions they will find it easy to answer.
- Have your eyes open all the time that some things might be strange or even unacceptable. Don't assume that people agreeing to things or smiling means that they are comfortable.
- When they want to tell you something, listen. Be patient, try all sorts of ways to help them get across what they want to say.
- Learn to speak English in a way which is easy for non-native speakers to follow. Speak a bit slower and pronounce words clearly. Use words they know and avoid phraseology which might be confusing.
- See if there are ways you can proactively find out about their language and culture.
- Make sure they have a Bible and other Christian literature in their own language.
- Make sure they have the option of being in touch with other believers who share their native language.
- Give them opportunities to express their faith in their heart language. It might be reading a passage or praying out loud in their language, sharing a song or expressing their faith in some artistic way.
- Learn some words in their language - or try to take it up as a foreign language.
- When you teach the Bible (eg sermon, small group meeting), find out what it says in their translation - and how that might help you communicate with them.
- Draw on links with churches and ministers in their home country who could advise you or offer other help.
- Consider setting up an affinity group at your church, where foreign-language speakers can interact in their own language, whilst making sure they maintain a strong link with the majority English-medium church.
- Create opportunities for them to share their cuisine - with you and others at the church. (This is my personal favourite tip!)
- Work harder than usual to help them integrate with others in the church, rather than becoming isolated individuals or an inward-looking clique.
- Always be prepared for them returning to their country of origin and being able to engage with the church there, not becoming 'foreigners in their own country'.
- Have the self-awareness that a lot of what we do is culturally conditioned - legitimate and helpful in our cultural setting, but not universal across cultures.
- Don't apologise for using English, or for your English-speaking culture; unity is a two-way street.
суббота, 22 августа 2020 г.
La naissance du français (Le troisième concile de Tours)
Cet événement démontre aussi que déjà au IXe siècle il y avait une prédication pour le peuple dans leur propre langue et donc une traduction, au moins orale, des Saintes Ecritures dans la langue vernaculaire au sein de l'Église chrétienne occidentale.
воскресенье, 19 июля 2020 г.
Feasibility in moral theology
Let me begin by addressing the issue theologically. I do so, since the author expressly sets out to critique the “conservative Christian” stance. He argues that, since singleness, as an alternative to opposite-sex marriage, requires "supernatural help", it cannot be morally binding. Theologically, this is the Pelagian heresy, namely the notion that people are naturally able to fulfil the moral law without recourse to divine aid. Christianity teaches that all moral obligations require divine aid to be fulfilled. Granted, "supernatural help" can only be voluntarily embraced. However, for many I know voluntary singleness belongs in the same category as sacrificial love, patience, fidelity in relationships, truth-telling – i.e. something practised as they walk the narrow path of reliance upon divine grace.
Now, let me also address the argument from a moral philosophy point of view.
Firstly, the argument that singleness is not morally obligatory because it is “not practically feasible”, evidently opens itself to refutation, depending on the definition of “feasibility”. By implication, if singleness can be shown to be feasible, it follows that it could be a moral obligation. Singleness is certainly statistically feasible; in many modern societies over 50% of households are single-person households, not to mention single-parent families. It is unhelpful to suggest all these people are living “loveless” lives, for which a romantic relationship would be a panacea, and to dismiss other forms of relational engagement.
Secondly, “feasibility”, by any definition, is a flawed criterion for identifying right and wrong. We would not apply it in other cases. Someone might find social distancing unbearable or their own inner racist sentiments insuperable. Another person might feel drawn into inappropriate and damaging relationships or compelled to succumb to addictive behaviour. It might be argued that the good is not “feasible” in these cases. But it is not a requirement for the good to be "easy to do" or that "most people can do it". We only ever fulfil our moral responsibility partially and imperfectly; that does not change what is right or wrong.
I want to express my support for those of all circumstances and sexual orientations practising singleness as an alternative to opposite-sex marriage.
среда, 8 июля 2020 г.
VII. Монте Кассино (глава VII из книги "20 этапов от Эфеса до края земли")
Свято место пусто не бывает
Варвары многократно вторгались в Рим, и в итоге в 476 правитель-варвар Одоакр низложил последнего римского императора. Теперь Европой правят разные государства народов-«варваров», такие как остготы, визиготы, бургунды, лангобарды, исповедующие христианство в искаженном виде арианства (см. гл. V). А вся римская цивилизация рухнула, оставляя за собой «пустое место». «Пустое место» заполнила церковь. Отличительная черта средневековья в том, что общество находилось под монополией единой церкви («христианский мир»). Начиная с младенческого крещения, вся жизнь человека проходила в сопровождении церкви через семь таинств («обряды перехода») и человек воспринимал свой жизненный путь и место в обществе в рамках христианского мировоззрения.
Папа римский
Во главе западной церкви стоял епископ города Рим: папа Римский. «Папа» означает «патриарх», которых было пять: Рим, Константиполь, Антиохия. Александрия, Иерусалим. Будучи епископом столичного города, папа был патриархом всего запада: ему подчинялись все епископы и вся западная церковь. Более того, папа считал себя «первым» среди патриархов христианской церкви и все больше претендовал на власть над всей церковью.
Обретения и потери
В VII и VIII веках христианство процветало в монастырях Ирландии и Нортумбрии (север Англии). Были важные монастыри в Арме, Бангоре, Ионе, Линдисфарне. известным ученым этого периода был Беда (+736).
Благодать и филиокве
Важнейший вопрос в западном богословии – взаимоотношение между Божьей благодатью и свободной волей человека.
Расселл Филлипс (2020)
пятница, 19 июня 2020 г.
Race
Now, I want to share some thoughts on the issue of 'race'.
Firstly, when people pre-17th century spoke of race, they were not talking about skin colour. Race meant 'language and culture'. That is what was meant in Roman times and what Winston Churchill meant when he entitled his history of the British Isles, 'Island Race'. We need to recognise that the diversity of humanity is not only, or even primarily, biological. Differences in language and culture may be far more significant.
Secondly, it is popular today to say, "There is only one race: the human race." That makes a lot of sense to me. Interestingly for me as a Christian, the very basis for this assertion, namely the monogenesis of the human race from a single couple, i.e. Eve and her husband, Adam (see Acts 17:26), long maligned and ridiculed, is being taken for granted in public discourse. Historically, it was, among other things, the multi-genesis theories of human origins which facilitated racial discrimination.
At this point maybe you are thinking, "Why bother?" Why not, indeed, ignore these differences, finding reasons to question them altogether? To me this seems crazy, a total over-reaction to racism. The richness and diversity of the human race should be acknowledged and celebrated, not shamefully ignored. And there are all sorts of situations where recognising such difference can be helpful, not least in respect to outcomes in the recent Covid-19 epidemic.Here are some ways we could talk about 'races':
- Phenotypes. Basically this boils down to shared biological characteristics. I remember when my Chinese friend, who used the name Anatoly in Russia, pointed out to me that my eyes were set back in deep eye sockets, unlike his which were on the surface of his face. It's obvious when you think about it. Again, interestingly for evolutionary theory, in many cases biological similarities cannot be attributed to shared ancestry.
- Clades. Another term for this would be "ancestrally differentiated populations"; a clade is the set of all those people descended from a common ancestor. Templeton (1998) gives the following, interesting qualification, "Human population groups are not monophyletic, as there appears to always have been considerable gene flow between human populations." Interestingly, Walsh and Yun observe, "Genetic studies using very few chromosomal loci find that genetic polymorphisms divide human populations into clusters with almost 100 percent accuracy and that they correspond to the traditional anthropological categories." Those categories would be the 3-5 traditional 'races': Negroid (Black) race.and Capoid (Bushmen/Hottentots) races; Mongoloid (Oriental/Amerindian) and Australoid (Australian Aborigine and Papuan) races; and the Caucasoid (White) race. In traditional Christian thought, these were associated with the three sons of Noah: Ham, Shem and Japheth.
Let me finish by reiterating that this is not 'racism by the backdoor'. I want to draw on knowledge to find ways to acknowledge and celebrate the biological diversity of the human race.
"Y de una sangre ha hecho todo el linaje de los hombres, para que habiten sobre toda la faz de la tierra." (Hechos 17:26)

